Overview of wood–concrete composite systems for structural applications

Abstract

This review outlines wood concrete composite systems for structural applications in buildings and bridges. The discussion classifies systems by timber product, including logs, sawn lumber, glued laminated timber, laminated veneer lumber, and cross laminated timber, and explains how a concrete layer coupled by shear connectors assigns compression to concrete and tension to timber to raise stiffness, span capacity, and floor or deck performance. The review compares common connection strategies and summarizes the design checks that govern practice, with serviceability and long-term deformation controlling building floors and fatigue, moisture, and waterproofing details controlling bridge decks. Evidence from recent studies shows that composite efficiency depends on connection stiffness and ductility, that vibration and acoustic targets in buildings can be met with measured connection properties and calibrated models, and that durability of the interface is the decisive factor in bridges. The paper highlights needs for verified long term models that couple slip, creep, shrinkage, and moisture, for connectors with stable performance in aggressive environments, and for clearer guidance for modern panel products. With careful selection of materials, connection detailing, and protective measures, wood concrete composites can meet structural, serviceability, and durability targets across a range of spans and exposure conditions.